Tyler, Jeff and Paul in Glossa

More evidence that "every" but not "each" evokes ensemble representations.

Now out in Glossa Psycholinguistics, "Individuals versus ensembles and "each" versus "every": linguistic framing affects performance in a change detection task," from 2021 alum Tyler Knowlton (Penn) with his past teachers, Jeff Lidz, Paul Pietroski (Rutgers/UMD) and Justin Halberda (Hopkins). The paper reports a change-detection task which shows that subjects to whom an image of several circles had been described with "each" were better at recalling properties of its individual members than were subjects to whom it was described with "every". Conversely, describing the image with "every" improves memory for properties of the group. The paper concludes that this is indicative of a difference in the meanings of "each" and "every": these are argued to consist partly in instructions to form individual and ensemble representations, respectively, of their domains.